When we think about cosmetics, we think about the ritual of beautification and relaxation. What we tend to forget is that cosmetic use often sprang from a necessity, and cosmetic rituals can be used to increase the health and well being of the entire body. The cosmetics of the ancients reflect this understanding in a physical as well as a spiritual sense.

Hebrew, Greek, & Roman Cosmetic Practices

Among the early Jews it was required by the Babylonian Talmud for a man to provide his wife with cosmetics. Attractiveness was a factor, but cosmetics were mostly used for body cleanliness. Moses indicated people should guard their bodies as a gift from God, and the use of cosmetics was one tool that was suggested. The Greeks and Romans also shared this understanding and attitude of the body as a temple. The Romans began with a simple care regimen of bathing and exercise, but as they conquered neighbors, they began to adopt less health and spiritual oriented cosmetic practices. One of these practices involves powdering the face with a white lead powder, which is a dangerous practice and can be fatal. They were also found stealing the animal fat and ash soap making practices of the people they conquered in Germany. Their process of copying spread several cosmetic practices throughout Italy. The Greeks had very advanced practices in the area of public baths and toilets, with toilets built over flowing streams, but prostitutes were the only ones who wore cosmetics regularly in that culture.

Ancient Cosmetics in Egypt

Archaeologists have found that the people who settled in Egypt began to employ the use of cosmetics out of necessity. They used the oil of the castor bean plant to protect their skin against the sun’s burning rays. They similarly protected their eyes by using green copper compound, depicted in paintings inside the ancient tombs. Malachite is a green mineral which was also used for this purpose and was prepared in a sea-shell. Additionally, perfume use in Egypt sprang from priests using them to prepare mummified bodies. The tombs also contained elaborate toilet kits, which give us an idea of the cosmetic tools and supplies of the day.

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